characteristics of electromagnetic radiation in remote sensing

Is a carrier of EM energy and has the characteristic of both wave motion and particle motion. The first chapter of the book summarizes the fundamental characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and the interactions of radiation with matter that are the basis of remote sensing. �3�A�A��I�K��|��3��zH�. Microwave Region This is the longest wavelength used in remote sensing. Principles of Remote Sensing The relationship between wavelength and frequency is described by the following formula: c = λ x ν c = Speed of Light (… Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or inaccessible areas. Different objects return different amount of energy in different bands of … endstream endobj startxref High-pitched sounds have short wavelengths and high frequencies. [Text Version] The wavelength is the length of one wave cycle, which can be measured as the distance between successive wave crests. The sun provides the initial energy source for much of the remote sensing of the Earth surface. The physics of electromagnetic radiation is electrodynamics, a subfield of electromagnetism. These devices are sensitive to the wavelengths ranging from 300 nm to 3000 nm. If the frequency of an electromagnetic wave is 500,000 GHz (GHz = gigahertz = 109 m/s), what is the wavelength of that radiation? • The whole range of EMR is called spectrum. Frequency is normally measured in hertz (Hz), equivalent to one cycle per second, and various multiples of hertz. Most remote sensing instruments measure the same thing: electromagnetic radiation. These are the wavelength and frequency. %%EOF The wavelength is the length of one wave cycle, which can be measured as the distance between successive wave crests. Answer 2: Using the equation for the relationship between wavelength and frequency, let's calculate the wavelength of radiation of a frequency of 500,000 GHz. As was noted in the previous section, the first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source to illuminate the target (unless the sensed energy is being emitted by the target). Hospitals use imaging technology, including CAT scans, magnetic resonance imaging (3-D imaging of soft tissue), and x-rays for examining our bodies. Wavelength and frequency are related by the following formula: Therefore, the two are inversely related to each other. This involves the detection and measurement of radiation of different wavelengths reflected or emitted from distant objects or materials, by which they may be … Remote sensing instruments are of two primary types—. This radiation is just beyond the violet portion of the visible wavelengths, hence its name. 0 In addition, the use of drones is emerging due to the high-resolution data that can be collected in a short time for real-time monitoring. Both these fields travel at the speed of light (c). Summary Remote sensing is the measurement and recording of the electromagnetic radiation emanating from the earth’s environment by sensors mounted on a platform at a vantage point above the earth’s surface. Passive remote sensing systemsmeasure existing radiation such as the reflected solar radiation from the earth’s surface. The vital concepts of spatial resolution and detection are explained using the eye as an example of remote sensing system. Energy Sources and Electromagnetic Radiation Two characteristics of electromagnetic radiation are particularly important for understanding remote sensing. • The foundation of remote sensing technology is based on the measurement and interpretation of the patterns of EMR. Understanding the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation in terms of their wavelength and frequency is crucial to understanding the information to be extracted from remote sensing data. Remote sensing is the part of geospatial technologies that deals with the detection of electromagnetic radiation to determine characteristics without direct contact. Lesson 4 Sensors Characteristics. Understanding the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation in terms of their wavelength and frequency is crucial to understanding the information to be extracted from remote sensing data. Low sounds are the opposite. There are other types of light which are invisible to us...but more about that later. Remote Sensing is a set of multidisciplinary techniques and methodologies that aim at obtaining information about the environment through “remote” measurements. Wavelength and frequency are inversely related, meaning as one increases the other decreases. 618 0 obj <>stream In remote sensing, it is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from an object, is the used to identify the target and to infer its properties. Optical remote sensing devices operate in the visible, near infrared, middle infrared and short wave infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. ...you can use an oscilloscope, a special electronic device which displays waves similar to the electromagnetic radiation waves you have seen here, to look at the wavelength and frequency patterns of your voice. Some Earth surface The goal of this article is to provide an introduction to the basics of satellite remote sensing with a special focus on the principles, characteristics, analysis, and applications of remote sensing data acquired in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Remote sensing provides a synoptic view that carries a continuous record of the environment that is consistent. These are the wavelength and frequency. Active sensors, provide their own source of energy to illuminate the objects they observe. Two characteristics of electromagnetic radiation are particularly important for understanding remote sensing. A sensor is a device comprising of optical component or system and a detector with electronic circuit. Two characteristics of electromagnetic radiation are particularly important for understanding remote sensing. X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared light, heat, microwaves, and radio and television waves are all examples of electromagnetic energy. Remote sensing technologies can be satellite- or aircraft-based and are able to detect and classify objects and characteristics of the Earth system through propagated signals (e.g. The sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target. Most passive systems used by remote sensing applications operate in the visible, infrared, thermal infrared, and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency or the longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency. 3. Electromagnetic radiation is generated whenever the electrical charge is accelerated. We refer to two types of reflection, which represent the two extreme ends of the way in which energy is reflected from a target: specular reflection and diffuse reflection . Wavelength is measured in metres (m) or some factor of metres such as nanometres (nm, 10-9 metres), micrometres (μm, 10-6 metres) (μm, 10-6 metres) or centimetres (cm, 10-2 metres). Both have the same amplitude at the same time. These are the wavelength and frequency. All matters reflect, emit or radiate a range of electromagnetic energy, depending upon the material characteristics. Electromagnetic radiationconsists of an electrical field(E) which varies in magnitude in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the radiation is traveling, and a magnetic field (M) oriented at right angles to the electrical field. Chapter 2 of Campbell (2007) delves into the scientific principles of electromagnetic radiation that are fundamental to remote sensing. The wavelength is the length of one wave cycle, which can be measured as the distance between successive wave crests. Assume the speed of light to be 3x108 m/s. Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy emitted by all matter above absolute zero temperature (0 Kelvin or -273° Celsius). The first requirement for remote sensing is an energy source which can illuminate a target. Sensor is an electronic circuit which can record the electromagnetic radiation incident upon it. h�b```a``�a�``0abf@ afV�,�7 ��AS��ܙ�g,dH��|Ό��{=TMD�+��}K��ÆC?V�Dĭ��>&��9��֏w$�..H�ؒ��h�� V�V� �Ѐ� ˜AP9�. Section 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency. It can be transmitted through the vacuum. Express your answer in micrometres(μm). Thermal IR (3 µm - 35 µm) is the radiation emitted from earth’s surface in the form of heat and used for remote sensing. This energy is in the form of electromagnetic radiation. We have to understand clearly these two properties in this context. In particular, microwave remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 1 cm and 1 m (commonly referred to as microwaves) as a measurement tool. If you have studied an engineering or physical science discipline, much of this may be familiar to you. These sensors measure land and sea surface temperature, vegetation properties, cloud and aerosol properties, and other physical properties. 597 0 obj <> endobj Ultrasonics can also be used which are sound waves and not part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Remote sensing technologies rely on a variety of electromagnetic energy. This same principle (applied to light) is used by astronomers to see how quickly stars are moving away from us (the Red shift). The measurement of this radiation takes place in what are known as spectral bands. This energy is in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This is appropriate because EMR often displays wavelike characteristics; e.g., interference. Two characteristics of electromagnetic radiation are particularly important for understanding remote sensing. Active remote sensing systems emit radiation on the study object and measure the reflected amount of radiation. Most sensors record the EMR in this range, e.g., bands of IRS P6 LISS IV sensor are in optical range of EMR. The wavelength and frequency are the two important characteristics of this electromagnetic radiation. ...that the concept of wavelength and frequency is an important principle behind something called the Doppler Shift, which explains how sound and light waves are perceived to be compressed or expanded if the object producing them is moving relative to the sensor. Wavelength is usually represented by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Principles of remote sensing Detection and discrimination of objects or surface features means detecting and recording of radiant energy reflected or emitted by objects or surface material. These are all examples of non-intrusive remote sensing methods. Print. Remote sensing is characterised by; Sensor Stage (satellite, plane, kite, ground based) View (angle of view) Type of radiation sensed (visible light, infrared, radar) Time of capture; It can also be used or re-used for many different purposes. For most purposes, the ultraviolet or UV portion of the spectrum has the shortest wavelengths which are practical for remote sensing. Electromagnetic Radiation Source of Remote Sensing data. The sensor is merely a passive observer collecting electromagnetic radiation. Electric and magnetic fields obey the properties of superposition so that a field due to any particular particle or time-varying electric or magnetic field will contribute to the fields present in the same space due to other cau… What is the obvious source of electromagnetic energy that you can think of? h�bbd```b``��`� ,rLւH�V��"��@��* �q=#�� D��0 .= Two characteristics of electromagnetic radiation are particularly important for understanding remote sensing. Remote sensing involves the measurement of energy in many parts of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. These are the wavelength and frequency. Next we will be examining the way in which we categorize electromagnetic radiation for just that purpose. However, in remote sensing the most useful regions are the visible (0.4-0.7 Âµm), the reflected IR (0.7-3 Âµm), the thermal IR (3-5 & 8-14 Âµm) and the microwave region varies from 0.3-300 cm. EMR transmit cross space in the wave form and in the speed of light. The electromagnetic spectrum is the term used to describe to entire range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. What "remote sensing device" do you personally use to detect this energy? ...that remote sensing, in its broadest definition, includes ultrasounds, satellite weather maps, speed radar, graduation photos, and sonar - both for ships and for bats!. Remote sensing is the science and art of identifying, observing, and measuring an object without coming into direct contact with it. As a train or race car advances towards us, our ears tend to hear progressively lower sounds or frequencies (shorter wavelengths) until it reaches us, the original frequency of the object when it is broadside, then even lower frequencies as it moves further away. active and passive. Remote sensing systems are divided into two groups based on separate technical solutions. The wavelength is the length of one wave cycle, which can be measured as the distance between successive wave crests. An active sensor emits radiation in the direction of the target to be investigated. Characteristics as Wave motion: EMR can be considered as a transverse wave with an electric field and a magnetic field, located at right angles to each other. electromagnetic radiation). The remote sensing device that we humans use to detect radiation from the sun is our eyes. Frequency refers to the number of cycles of a wave passing a fixed point per unit of time. Electromagnetic radiation spans a large spectrum of wavelengths starting from very short wavelengths, Î³-ray (10 10 m) to long radio waves (10 6 m). are several regions of the electromagnetic spectrum which are useful for remote sensing. Characteristics of Remote Sensing. All electromagnetic radiation has fundamental properties and behaves in predictable ways according to the basics of wave theory. %PDF-1.5 %�� Wavelength is usually represented by the Greek letter lambda (&lambda). Fundamentals of Remote Sensing 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation As was noted in the previous section, the first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source to illuminate the target (unless the sensed energy is being emitted by the target). Passive remote sensing refers to the sensing of electromagnetic waves that did not originate from the satellite or instrument itself. Electromagnetic Radiation. Remote sensing: principles, electromagnetic spectrum, components and applications Remote sensing, also called earth observation, refers to obtaining information about objects or areas at the Earth’s surface without being in direct contact with the object or area. Sensors detect and measure electromagnetic energy in different portions of the spectrum. However, later … • EMR is characterized by wavelength and frequency. These are the wavelength and frequency. Yes, they can be considered remote sensors - and very good ones - as they detect the visible light from the sun, which allows us to see. 609 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6D234F43F44E12429B0270812E020609>]/Index[597 22]/Info 596 0 R/Length 77/Prev 1041986/Root 598 0 R/Size 619/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream You will not receive a reply. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency. Both these fields travel at the speed of light (c). • EMR is a dynamic form of energy. Scientists say that the Earth itself vibrates at a very low frequency, making a sound far below the human hearing range. For enquiries, contact us. 7. 4.1 Remote Sensing Sensors. 1 mm - 1 m The shortest wavelengths in this range have properties similar to thermal infrared region. In remote sensing, we are most interested in measuring the radiation reflected from targets. 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