Historically, the Great Lakes, in addition to their lake ecology, were surrounded by various forest ecoregions (except in a relatively small area of southeast Lake Michigan where savanna or prairie occasionally intruded). Instance hypernyms: group; grouping (any number of entities (members) considered as a unit). The entire crew of 23 drowned, except one, Charles Pitz, who floated on a life raft for almost seven hours.[127]. Rather large severe thunderstorms covering wide areas are well known in the Great Lakes during mid-summer; these Mesoscale convective complexes or MCCs[63] can cause damage to wide swaths of forest and shatter glass in city buildings. Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. The fishing industry expanded particularly in the waters associated with the fur trade that connect Lake Erie and Lake Huron. Grand Island. [14] Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. [94] The International Joint Commission in 2009 summarized the change: "Since the early 1970s, the level of treatment to reduce pollution from waste water discharges to the Great Lakes has improved considerably. All measurements at Low Water Datum. [101], Several Native American populations (Paleo-indians) inhabited the region around 10,000 BC, after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. Great Lakes, chain of deep freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Great Lakes Now wants to help your students explore the Great Lakes.. That’s why we’ve designed a collection of lesson plans that engage students with the science and study of the Great Lakes. Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that is entirely in the United States, and it is also the second largest Great Lake by volume. Vessel Registry: CANADA; Official Number: 318774; Rig: Fire Tug; Date Built: 1963-00-00 Historically, the Great Lakes, in addition to their lake ecology, were surrounded by various forest ecoregions (except in a relatively small area of southeast Lake Michigan where savanna or prairie occasionally intruded). Diatoms acquire inorganic carbon thought passive diffusion of CO2 and HCO−3, as well they use carbonic anhydrase mediated active transport to speed up this process. Lake Superior. Köppen climate classification Dfa (in southern areas) and Dfb (in northern parts)[61] with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry, cold Arctic systems, mild Pacific air masses from the West, and warm, wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico. One of the more common sights on the lakes has been since about 1950 the 1,000‑by‑105-foot (305-by-32-meter), 78,850-long-ton (80,120-metric-ton) self-unloader. At least 13 wildlife species are documented as becoming extinct since the arrival of Europeans, and many more are threatened or endangered. Common sources of pollution include waste from cities, industrial discharge, farm chemicals and pollution that enters directly from the atmosphere. They have a total area of approximately 246 050 km 2 and drop from 183 m above sea level at Lake Superior to 74 m at Lake Ontario - the most dramatic drop occurring at NIAGARA FALLS. Only four bridges are on the Great Lakes other than Lake Ontario because of the cost of building structures high enough for ships to pass under. Four of the Great Lakes are on the border between Canada and the United States of America. Please select all that apply: A link, button or video is not working. The rest are partially in Canada and the USA. They are lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario and are in general on or near the Canada–United States border. How Does the 25th Amendment Work — and When Should It Be Enacted? Caught in a 1679 storm while trading furs between Green Bay and Michilimacinac, she was lost with all hands aboard. [112] This was followed by record high levels in all lakes except Ontario in the late 2010s and 2020. The Great Lakes are very popular for boating, fishing and other water activities. The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the upper mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries because of the moderating effect, as does the Niagara Peninsula between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Algae such as diatoms, along with other phytoplankton, are photosynthetic primary producers supporting the food web of the Great Lakes,[97] and have been effected by global warming. In the early 21st century, Lake Superior's shores are 91% forested, Lake Huron 68%, Lake Ontario 49%, Lake Michigan 41%, and Lake Erie, where logging and urbanization has been most extensive, 21%. [38] Larger ships are confined to working within the lakes. Doty was found in Lake Michigan by an exploration diving team led by dive boat Captain Jitka Hanakova from her boat the Molly V.[129] The ship sank in October 1898, probably attempting to rescue a small schooner, Olive Jeanette, during a terrible storm. [130] The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources. This bill, which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program, contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. Pleasure boats can enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York. A large bloom does not necessarily mean the cyanobacteria ... will produce toxins", said Michael McKay, of the University of Windsor. The History of the United States' Golden Presidential Dollars, How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Changed Schools and Education in Lasting Ways. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the pollutants that enter any of the Great Lakes are generally retained and become more concentrated over time. What Are the Names of the Five Great Lakes? The greatest concentration of shipwrecks lies near Thunder Bay (Michigan), beneath Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. Only barges can access the Illinois Waterway system providing access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. The prevailing winds from the west pick up the air and moisture from the lake surface, which is slightly warmer in relation to the cold surface winds above. During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Snow belts are found in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, United States; and Ontario, Canada. Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis. Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway, and operate only on the Waterway and lakes. Hundreds of ships have met their end on the lakes. Dunbar. Even late in winter, the lakes often have no icepack in the middle. By the mid-1950s, the lake trout populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced, with the lamprey deemed largely to blame. After railroads and surface roads developed, the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and, except for ferries and a few foreign cruise ships, have now vanished. Between 2012 and 2019 more than 160 new species have been discovered.[82]. Cyprus sank during a Lake Superior storm on October 11, 1907, during its second voyage while hauling iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin, to Buffalo, New York. In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This led to the launch of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission. The Great Lakes are the source of food, transportation, and drinking water for millions living in Canada and the United States. Background Geology of the North Bay area. A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior. [14] The source of water levels in the lakes is tied to what was left by melting glaciers when the lakes took their present form. All together, by volume, they are the largest group of fresh water lakes in the world. It is the smallest … They are one of the great natural features of the continent and of the Earth. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. In June 2010, L.R. [60], The Great Lakes have a humid continental climate, The names of the great lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie. Water Resources Development Act", Agreement. [86] Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania is formally listed as in recovery, as is Ontario's Spanish Harbour. Hydrologically, there are four lakes, because lakes Michigan and Huron join at the Straits of Mackinac. 110. Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish; there were 150 different species in the Great Lakes. In the early 21st century, Lake Superior's shores are 91% forested, Lake Huron 68%, Lake Ontario 49%, Lake Michigan 41%, and Lake Erie, where logging and urbanization has been most extensive, 21%. Let’s start with the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes basin (the lakes plus the area of land draining into the lakes) contains 18% of the world's fresh surface water and is home to almost a third of the Canadian population.. As well as providing drinking water, the Great Lakes, which straddle the Canada-United States border, have played a major role in the development of both countries. Dispersed throughout the Great Lakes are approximately 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area and second-largest by total volume, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. An alternate track is via the Illinois River (from Chicago), to the Mississippi, up the Ohio, and then through the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway (a combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals), to Mobile Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Meanwhile, exotic and invasive species have also been introduced. [36] Some of these lakes even have their own islands, like Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya in Manitoulin Island. [100] There is a positive correlation between the surface area and the chlorophyll concentration of diatom cells. [76] Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River, the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. This is a laker with a conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side. In August 2007, the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society announced that it had found the wreckage of Cyprus, a 420-foot (130 m) long, century-old ore carrier. A Jesuit name, Lac Tracy, was never officially adopted. This valuable resource is collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to the lakes, who have agreed to the Great Lakes Compact to regulate water supply and use. [70] By 1938, Wisconsin's commercial fishing operations were motorized and mechanized, generating jobs for more than 2,000 workers, and hauling 14 million pounds per year. [85] Discharge of toxic substances has been sharply reduced. This corresponds to thinking of lakes Erie and Ontario as "down south" and the others as "up north". Storm-generated waves carve the lakes' ice sheet and create conical mounds through the eruption of water and slush. National Geophysical Data Center (1999). This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash. Fact number 1 Canada may be a Métis nation, but not everybody in Canada is part of the Métis Nation. The lakes also moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree, but not with as large an influence as do large oceans; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer, then slowly radiate that heat in autumn. Fact Check: Is the COVID-19 Vaccine Safe? [65], The Great Lakes are an important source of fishing. A select list of the top 3 to 5 major lakes per region with links to more detailed region lists of lakes. The Great Lakes can have an effect on regional weather called lake-effect snow, which is sometimes very localized. Within the past ten years mercury has become more apparent in water tests. – Geography – 03/02/98, "Lakes Are Born Great, 5 Sniff, So Upstart Is Ousted", "G+M: "Creeping up on unsuspecting shores: The Great Lakes" 28 Jun 2014", "Great Lakes low water levels could cost $19B by 2050", "Great Lakes Water Levels, and Great Lakes News", "Great Lake Seaway Cargoes – American Great Lakes Ports Association", Matile, Roger (April 11, 2004) "Has a famed Great Lakes mystery been solved? Sailors of bulk freighters transferring cargoes from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to ports on Lake Erie or Ontario commonly refer to the latter as the lower lakes and Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior as the upper lakes. The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book (1972) noted: "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery. Popular baby names, in these states, reflect that diversity with both classic and modern names being chosen by parents. When a second fault line, the Saint Lawrence rift, formed approximately 570 million years ago,[14] the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie were created, along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River. A notable modern phenomenon is the formation of ice volcanoes over the lakes during wintertime. The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes; the smaller Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic oceans. "[66], By 1801, the New York Legislature found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. [12] The largest among them is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water in the world. As the slightly warmer, moist air passes over the colder land surface, the moisture often produces concentrated, heavy snowfall that sets up in bands or "streamers". It is somewhat more detailed and protective, though its legal strength has not yet been tested in court. Sanson improved upon Champlain’s map (and dismantled the “Grand Lac” belief—aka the idea that Lake Michagan and Superior were cojoined and formed a massive lake) by using Jesuit accounts of the area, in addition to observations made by Aboriginals, Étienne Brûlé, and Jean Nicollet. These lakes contain approximately 84 percent of North America's surface water and are the home to more than 3,500 species of plants and animals. Skip to main content; Skip to "About government" Language selection. In June 2008, deep sea divers in Lake Ontario found the wreck of the 1780 Royal Navy warship HMS Ontario in what has been described as an "archaeological miracle". [73], Introductions into the Great Lakes include the zebra mussel, which was first discovered in 1988, and quagga mussel in 1989. By the mid-1980s, most jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes had controlled phosphate detergents,[88] resulting in sharp reductions in the frequency and extent of the blooms. Reference Map of the Great Lakes. [92][91], Until 1970, mercury was not listed as a harmful chemical, according to the United States Federal Water Quality Administration. From 1844 through 1857, palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes. In 1831, Alexander MacGregor from Goderich, Ontario found whitefish and herring in unusually abundant supply around the Fishing Islands. From W to E the Great Lakes comprise Lakes SUPERIOR, Michigan (entirely in the US), HURON, ST CLAIR, ERIE and ONTARIO. Moreover, between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over 9 million pounds (4 million kg). For the African Great Lakes, see, Large bays and related significant bodies of water. What Does George Soros' Open Society Foundations Network Fund? [105] By 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago, direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes. To learn more Great Lake place names, explore our map. [119] In the first half of the 20th century large luxurious passenger steamers sailed the lakes in opulence. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin. [34] The second-largest island is Isle Royale in Lake Superior. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at Buffalo, New York) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at Oswego, New York). Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency have shown that when the mercury comes in contact with many of the bacteria and compounds in the fresh water, it forms the compound methyl mercury, which has a much greater impact on human health than elemental mercury due to a higher propensity for absorption. The kids and I came up with a catchy mnemonic to memorize the location of the Great Lakes. The mollusks are efficient filter feeders, competing with native mussels and reducing available food and spawning grounds for fish. [116] The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. Major ports on the Great Lakes include Duluth-Superior, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Twin Harbors, Hamilton and Thunder Bay. Immigrants often formed their own communities and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, such as Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, and many others. Dozens of other Areas of Concern have received partial cleanups such as the Rouge River (Michigan) and Waukegan Harbor (Illinois). [114], The catch from these waters would be sent to the growing market for salted fish in Detroit, where merchants involved in the fur trade had already gained some experience handling salted fish. The largest Lake Erie bloom to date occurred in 2015, exceeding the severity index at 10.5 and in 2011 at a 10. [102][103] The peoples of the Great Lakes traded with the Hopewell culture from around 1000 AD, as copper nuggets have been extracted from the region, and fashioned into ornaments and weapons in the mounds of Southern Ohio. The city of Ottawa’s name is derived from the Algonquin word “adawe,” which means “to trade.” Discover more Great Lakes place names. [87], Phosphate detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system such as Lake Erie, Saginaw Bay, Green Bay, and the southernmost portion of Lake Michigan. The largest loss of life in a shipwreck out on the lakes may have been that of Lady Elgin, wrecked in 1860 with the loss of around 400 lives on Lake Michigan. Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a U.S.$4 billion a year industry with salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout, bass and walleye being major catches. More about it below… Lake Ontario – In the Huron language, th… Some of these forests are second or third growth (i.e. [42] The water level of Lake Michigan–Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century[43] Recent lake levels include record low levels in 2013 in Lakes Superior, Erie, and Michigan-Huron,[44] followed by record high levels in 2020[45] in the same lakes. Land below the glaciers "rebounded" as it was uncovered. The Great Lakes also have several peninsulas between them, including the Door Peninsula, the Peninsulas of Michigan, and the Ontario Peninsula. This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 14:31. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25% in general fish harvests by 1875. The process is only well-documented in the Great Lakes, and has been credited with sparing the southern shorelines from worse rocky erosion. Some of these peninsulas even contain smaller peninsulas, such as the Keweenaw Peninsula, the Thumb Peninsula, the Bruce Peninsula, and the Niagara Peninsula. Running cut logs down the tributary rivers into the Great Lakes also dislocated sediments. Learning the Great Lakes and their locations can be difficult. [14], Intensive human population growth began in the region in the 20th century and continues today. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. An international ferry across Lake Ontario from Rochester, New York, to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005, but is no longer in operation. For rank-order lists, see List of lakes by area, List of lakes by depth, List of lakes by volume Periodic mass dieoffs result in vast numbers of the fish washing up on shore; estimates by various governments have placed the percentage of Lake Michigan's biomass, which was made up of alewives in the early 1960s, as high as 90%. [46], The lake levels are affected primarily by changes in regional meteorology and climatology. Moreover, the portions and positions of the Great Lakes are more or less accurate. The number of such overflow events in Ontario, for example, is flat according to the International Joint Commission. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo but most container ships cannot pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide. Of the total 10,500 miles (16,900 km) of shoreline, Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles (8,400 km), while the remaining 5,300 miles (8,500 km) are bordered by the United States. In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 U.S. gallons (600,000 m3) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries. Annually, only about 1% is "new" water originating from rivers, precipitation, and groundwater springs that drain into the lakes. [14] Meanwhile, exotic and invasive species have also been introduced. If it’s easier, you can also rearrange the letters to spell “MOSHE,” which is the Hebrew name for Moses. A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the Finger Lakes region of New York, as well as in Prince Edward County, Ontario on Lake Ontario's northeast shore. [10] The lakes have been a major source for transportation, migration, trade, and fishing, serving as a habitat to many aquatic species in a region with much biodiversity. Population centers on the peninsulas include Grand Rapids, Flint, and Detroit in Michigan along with London, Hamilton, Brantford, and Toronto in Ontario. 78 lives were lost making it the largest loss of life in Lake Superior and the greatest unexplained loss of life in the Great Lakes. Fluctuation of the water levels in the lakes has been observed since records began in 1918. Chi-Cheemaun[122] runs between Tobermory and South Baymouth, Manitoulin Island, operated by the Owen Sound Transportation Company. [56] Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half-way around the world at the equator.[14]. These fish are all long and somewhat serpentine in appearance, and may account for some of the ‘monster’ sightings. More vessels have been lost in the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior. While the organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes, the deep waters contain organisms found only in deep, cold lakes of the northern latitudes. [citation needed] This describes when older sewerage systems, which combine storm water with sewage into single sewers heading to the treatment plant, are temporarily overwhelmed by heavy rainstorms. Particularly, the 1825 opening of the Erie Canal and the Welland Canal a few years later. Another operation cropped up in Georgian Bay, Canadian waters plentiful with trout as well as whitefish. As the surfaces of Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, and Erie are all approximately the same elevation above sea level, while Lake Ontario is significantly lower, and because the Niagara Escarpment precludes all natural navigation, the four upper lakes are commonly called the "upper great lakes". The U.S. "[66] But, water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s, combined with successful salmonid stocking programs, have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery. The Great Lakes are the largest surface freshwater systems on Earth and contain roughly 21 percent of the world water supply. These fast-growing planktivorous fish have heavily colonized the Mississippi and Illinois river systems. [106] With these two canals an all-inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. great lakes A group of five large interconnected lakes in central North America that consist of lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, and constitute the largest area of fresh water in the world. As a chain of lakes and rivers, they connect the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. [91] In early August 2019, satellite images depicted a bloom stretching up to 1,300 square kilometres on Lake Erie, with the heaviest concentration near Toledo, Ohio. [110], In the early years of the 21st century, water levels in the Great Lakes were a concern. As of 2007, four car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, two on Lake Michigan: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan, to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan, one on Lake Erie: a boat from Kingsville, Ontario, or Leamington, Ontario, to Pelee Island, Ontario, then onto Sandusky, Ohio, and one on Lake Huron: the M.S. The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, described as "the largest investment in the Great Lakes in two decades",[135] was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government's Fiscal Year 2011 budget, and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget. Lake Algonquin, large glacial lake that once existed in North America and covered most of the area now occupied by three Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, and Huron). Description: This map shows lakes, cities, towns, states, rivers, main roads and secondary roads in Great Lakes Area. Ontario is the most tightly regulated, with its outflow controlled by the Moses-Saunders Power Dam, which explains its consistent historical lake levels. Laws, Robert R. Bidigare, John E. Dore, et al., Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, (1998), Effect of Phytoplankton Cell Geometry on Carbon Isotopic Fractionation, Vol. they have been logged before, changing their composition). [54], The total surface area of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles (244,100 km2)—nearly the same size as the United Kingdom, and larger than the U.S. states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire combined. The lakes contain about 84% of the surface freshwater of North America;[40] if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent's land area, it would reach a depth of 5 feet (1.5 meters). No one of the Lakes is larger than Lake Baikal (Russia) or Lake Tanganyika (East Africa). The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary. [47], The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: 5,472 cubic miles (22,810 km3), or 6.0×1015 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S gallons, (2.3×1016 liters). [90] "Not enough is being done to stop fertilizer and phosphorus from getting into the lake and causing blooms," said Michael McKay, executive director of the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) at the University of Windsor. Small cruise ships operate on the Waterway and Lakes for fish average level that economic. This status allows neighboring States to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet ( 2.9 m ) working... 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